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Billiard balls are used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pocket billiards, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various specific ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are very important to the finer points of gameplay.

History The earliest balls were made of wood, and later clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 1900s). Ivory was favored for a period, but by the mid-1800s, elephants were being slaughtered for their ivory at an alarming rate, just to keep up with the demand for billiard balls. No more than eight balls could be made from a single elephant. In an uncommon show of accidental environmentalism, the billiard industry realized that the supply of elephants (their primary source of ivory) was endangered species, as well as dangerous to obtain. They challenged inventors to come up with an alternative material that could be manufactured, with a United States dollar10,000 prize from Phelan and Collender of New York City being offered.

In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt invented a composition material called nitrocellulose for billiard balls (US patent 50359, the first American patent for billiard balls). Although it is unclear if the cash prize was ever awarded to Hyatt, there is no evidence suggesting he did in fact win the prize. By 1870 it was commercially branded Celluloid, the first industrial plastic. Unfortunately, the nature of celluloid made it volatile in production, occasionally exploding, which ultimately made this first plastic impractical.

Subsequently, to avoid the problem of celluloid instability, the industry experimented with various other synthetic materials for billiards balls such as Bakelite, Crystalate and other plastic compounds.

The exacting requirements of the billiard ball are met today with balls cast from plastic materials that are strongly resistant to cracking and chipping. Currently Saluc, under the brand names Aramith and Brunswick Centennial, manufactures phenolic resin balls. Other plastics and resins such as polyester (under various trade names) and clear acrylic glass are also used, by competing companies such as Elephant Balls Ltd., Frenzy Sports, and Vigma.

(See also Cue sports#History for more general information on billiards history.)

Types of billiard balls Carom billiards In the realm of carom billiards games, billiard balls are the three (sometimes four) balls used to play straight-rail, three-cushion, balkline, and related games on pocketless billiards tables, as well as English billiards which is played on a table with pockets. The Asian game four-ball uses four balls (the name literally means "four-ball"). Carom balls are not numbered, and at 27⁄16 inches (61.5 mm) are larger than pool balls. They are colored as follows:

* Red (two reds, in yotsudama) * White for player 1 * White with a spot (or sometimes yellow) cue ball for player 2

American-style pool In the US, the term "billiard balls" usually (except among carom players) refers to balls used to play various pocket billiards (pool) games, such as eight-ball, nine-ball and one-pocket; they are commonly referred to as Kelly pool balls in the UK. These pool balls, used the most widely throughout the world, are considerably smaller than carom billiards balls, slightly larger than British-style pool balls and substantially larger than those for snooker. According to Billiard Congress of America/World Pool-Billiard Association equipment specifications, the weight may be from 5.5 to 6 oz. (156 to 170 g) with a diameter of 2.25 in. (5.715 cm), plus or minus 0.005 in. (0.127 mm).{{cite book| year = 2004| location = [Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America| pages = p. 5| isbn = 978-1-878493-14-9--> "WPA Tournament Table & Equipment Specifications", World Pool-Billiard Association, November 2001.. The balls are numbered and colored as follows:

Yellow

Blue

Red

Purple (pink in some ball sets)

Orange

Green

Brown or burgundy (tan in some ball sets)

Black

Yellow and white

Blue and white

Red and white

Purple and white (pink and white in some ball sets)

Orange and white

Green and white

Brown (or burgundy) and white (tan and white in some ball sets)

*Cue ball white (sometimes with one or more spots)

Note that balls 1–7 are often referred to as and 9–15 as though there are many other colloquial terms for each of balls. Though it looks similar to the solids, the 8 ball is not considered a solid. Some games such as nine-ball do not distinguish between stripes and solids, but rather use the numbering on the balls to determine which object ball must be pocketed, in other games such as three-ball neither type of marking is of any consequence. In eight-ball, straight pool, and related games, all sixteen balls are employed. In the game of nine-ball, only object balls 1 through 9 (plus the cue ball) are used. Some balls used in televised pool games are colored differently to make them distinguishable on television monitors (thus the pink and tan variants). TV is also the genesis of the "measle" cue ball with numerous spots on its surface so that spin placed on it is evident to viewers.

Coin-operated pool tables such as those found at bars and college campuses historically have often used either a larger ("grapefruit") or denser ("rock", typically ceramic) cue ball, such that its extra weight makes it easy for the cue ball return mechanism to separate it from object balls (which are captured until the game ends and the table is paid again for another game) so that the cue ball can be returned for further play, should it be accidentally pocketed. Rarely in the US, some pool tables use a smaller cue ball instead. Modern tables usually employ a magnetic ball of regulation or near-regulation size and weight, since players have rightly complained for many decades that the heavy and often over-sized cue balls do not "play" correctly.

British-style pool (blackball) In WPA Eight-ball#Blackball and World Eight-ball Pool Federation or English-style eight-ball (not to be confused with the game of English billiards), fifteen balls again are used, but like those of the pool game casino (pool) they are arrayed are in two unnumbered , the (or less commonly ) and , with a white cue ball, and black 8 ball. Aside from the 8, shots are not since there is no reliable way to identify particular balls to be pocketed. Because they are unnumbered they are wholly unsuited to certain pool games, such as nine-ball, in which ball order is important. They are noticeably smaller than the American-style balls (and even than those of snooker), and with a cue ball that is slightly smaller than the object balls, while the table's are tighter to compensate. Neither the WPA nor the WEPF (publicly) define ball or even table dimensions, though presumably league and tournament organizers are given some guidelines in this regard. Most manufacturers that supply this market provide 2 in. (5.08 cm) object balls and 17⁄8 in. (4.76 cm) cue balls. Coin-operated pub tables often use cue balls that are smaller than the object balls, so that the ball return mechanism can distinguish them.

Snooker Ball sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of fifteen unmarked reds, six balls placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white cue ball. (See snooker for more information on ball setup.)The colour balls are sometimes numbered American-style, with their point values, for the amateur/home market. They are numbered as follows: 2. 3. 4. (or burgundy, depending upon the manufacturer) 5. 6. 7. Snooker balls are standardized at 52.5 mm (approximately 21⁄8 in.) in diameter within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) No standard weight is defined, but all balls in the set must be the same weight within a tolerance of 3 g. "Equipment", World Snooker Association, publication date unknown (accessed January 28, 2007), London, UK. However, many sets are actually 21⁄16 in. (about 52.4 mm), even from major manufacturers. Snooker sets are also available with considerably smaller-than-regulation balls (and even with ten instead of fifteen reds) for play on smaller tables (down to half-size), and are sanctioned for use in some amateur leagues.

Other Various other games have their own variants of billiard balls. Russian pyramid and the related Finnish game kaisa make use of a set of 15 numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball, that are about the size of carom billiards balls. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other the opposite; all are usually 21⁄8 in. (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter.

There is a growing market for specialty cue balls and even entire ball sets, featuring sports team logos, cartoon characters, animal pelt patterns, etc. Entrepreneurial inventors also supply a variety of novelty billiard games with unique rules and balls, some with playing card markings, others with stars and stripes, and yet others in sets of more than thirty balls in several suits. Marbled-looking and glittery materials are also popular for home tables. There are even blacklight sets for playing in near-dark. There are also practical joke cue and 8 balls, with off-center weights in them that makes their paths curve and wobble. Miniature sets in various sizes (2⁄3, 1⁄2, etc.) are also commonly available, primarily intended for children's under-sized toy tables.

Several brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently-colored halves or targeting rings.

In popular culture The 8 ball is frequently used iconically in Western, especially American, culture. It can frequently be found as an element of t-shirt designs, album covers and names, tattoos, household goods like paperweights and cigarette lighters, belt buckles, etc. A classic toy is the Magic 8-Ball "oracle". Don and Ron Harris, Eightball & MJG, and 8-Ball (band) have all independently adopted the name.

The term "8 ball" is also street slang both for 1⁄8 oz. of cocaine or crystal methamphetamine and for a bottle of Olde English 800 malt liquor.

The expression to be stuck or trapped "behind the eight" is used throughout the English speaking world to indicate a perilous situation from which it is difficult to extracate oneself. The term derives from the game Kelly pool.

References

Patents

• — Billiard ball c.1865
• — Billiard ball c.1868
• — Billiard ball c.1869
• — Billiard ball c.1871

Billiard balls are used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pocket billiards, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various specific ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are very important to the finer points of gameplay.

History The earliest balls were made of wood, and later clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 1900s). Ivory was favored for a period, but by the mid-1800s, elephants were being slaughtered for their ivory at an alarming rate, just to keep up with the demand for billiard balls. No more than eight balls could be made from a single elephant. In an uncommon show of accidental environmentalism, the billiard industry realized that the supply of elephants (their primary source of ivory) was endangered species, as well as dangerous to obtain. They challenged inventors to come up with an alternative material that could be manufactured, with a United States dollar10,000 prize from Phelan and Collender of New York City being offered.

In 1869, John Wesley Hyatt invented a composition material called nitrocellulose for billiard balls (US patent 50359, the first American patent for billiard balls). Although it is unclear if the cash prize was ever awarded to Hyatt, there is no evidence suggesting he did in fact win the prize. By 1870 it was commercially branded Celluloid, the first industrial plastic. Unfortunately, the nature of celluloid made it volatile in production, occasionally exploding, which ultimately made this first plastic impractical.

Subsequently, to avoid the problem of celluloid instability, the industry experimented with various other synthetic materials for billiards balls such as Bakelite, Crystalate and other plastic compounds.

The exacting requirements of the billiard ball are met today with balls cast from plastic materials that are strongly resistant to cracking and chipping. Currently Saluc, under the brand names Aramith and Brunswick Centennial, manufactures phenolic resin balls. Other plastics and resins such as polyester (under various trade names) and clear acrylic glass are also used, by competing companies such as Elephant Balls Ltd., Frenzy Sports, and Vigma.

(See also Cue sports#History for more general information on billiards history.)

Types of billiard balls Carom billiards In the realm of carom billiards games, billiard balls are the three (sometimes four) balls used to play straight-rail, three-cushion, balkline, and related games on pocketless billiards tables, as well as English billiards which is played on a table with pockets. The Asian game four-ball uses four balls (the name literally means "four-ball"). Carom balls are not numbered, and at 27⁄16 inches (61.5 mm) are larger than pool balls. They are colored as follows:

* Red (two reds, in yotsudama) * White for player 1 * White with a spot (or sometimes yellow) cue ball for player 2

American-style pool In the US, the term "billiard balls" usually (except among carom players) refers to balls used to play various pocket billiards (pool) games, such as eight-ball, nine-ball and one-pocket; they are commonly referred to as Kelly pool balls in the UK. These pool balls, used the most widely throughout the world, are considerably smaller than carom billiards balls, slightly larger than British-style pool balls and substantially larger than those for snooker. According to Billiard Congress of America/World Pool-Billiard Association equipment specifications, the weight may be from 5.5 to 6 oz. (156 to 170 g) with a diameter of 2.25 in. (5.715 cm), plus or minus 0.005 in. (0.127 mm).{{cite book| year = 2004| location = [Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States of America| pages = p. 5| isbn = 978-1-878493-14-9--> "WPA Tournament Table & Equipment Specifications", World Pool-Billiard Association, November 2001.. The balls are numbered and colored as follows:

Yellow

Blue

Red

Purple (pink in some ball sets)

Orange

Green

Brown or burgundy (tan in some ball sets)

Black

Yellow and white

Blue and white

Red and white

Purple and white (pink and white in some ball sets)

Orange and white

Green and white

Brown (or burgundy) and white (tan and white in some ball sets)

*Cue ball white (sometimes with one or more spots)

Note that balls 1–7 are often referred to as and 9–15 as though there are many other colloquial terms for each of balls. Though it looks similar to the solids, the 8 ball is not considered a solid. Some games such as nine-ball do not distinguish between stripes and solids, but rather use the numbering on the balls to determine which object ball must be pocketed, in other games such as three-ball neither type of marking is of any consequence. In eight-ball, straight pool, and related games, all sixteen balls are employed. In the game of nine-ball, only object balls 1 through 9 (plus the cue ball) are used. Some balls used in televised pool games are colored differently to make them distinguishable on television monitors (thus the pink and tan variants). TV is also the genesis of the "measle" cue ball with numerous spots on its surface so that spin placed on it is evident to viewers.

Coin-operated pool tables such as those found at bars and college campuses historically have often used either a larger ("grapefruit") or denser ("rock", typically ceramic) cue ball, such that its extra weight makes it easy for the cue ball return mechanism to separate it from object balls (which are captured until the game ends and the table is paid again for another game) so that the cue ball can be returned for further play, should it be accidentally pocketed. Rarely in the US, some pool tables use a smaller cue ball instead. Modern tables usually employ a magnetic ball of regulation or near-regulation size and weight, since players have rightly complained for many decades that the heavy and often over-sized cue balls do not "play" correctly.

British-style pool (blackball) In WPA Eight-ball#Blackball and World Eight-ball Pool Federation or English-style eight-ball (not to be confused with the game of English billiards), fifteen balls again are used, but like those of the pool game casino (pool) they are arrayed are in two unnumbered , the (or less commonly ) and , with a white cue ball, and black 8 ball. Aside from the 8, shots are not since there is no reliable way to identify particular balls to be pocketed. Because they are unnumbered they are wholly unsuited to certain pool games, such as nine-ball, in which ball order is important. They are noticeably smaller than the American-style balls (and even than those of snooker), and with a cue ball that is slightly smaller than the object balls, while the table's are tighter to compensate. Neither the WPA nor the WEPF (publicly) define ball or even table dimensions, though presumably league and tournament organizers are given some guidelines in this regard. Most manufacturers that supply this market provide 2 in. (5.08 cm) object balls and 17⁄8 in. (4.76 cm) cue balls. Coin-operated pub tables often use cue balls that are smaller than the object balls, so that the ball return mechanism can distinguish them.

Snooker Ball sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of fifteen unmarked reds, six balls placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white cue ball. (See snooker for more information on ball setup.)The colour balls are sometimes numbered American-style, with their point values, for the amateur/home market. They are numbered as follows: 2. 3. 4. (or burgundy, depending upon the manufacturer) 5. 6. 7. Snooker balls are standardized at 52.5 mm (approximately 21⁄8 in.) in diameter within a tolerance of plus or minus 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) No standard weight is defined, but all balls in the set must be the same weight within a tolerance of 3 g. "Equipment", World Snooker Association, publication date unknown (accessed January 28, 2007), London, UK. However, many sets are actually 21⁄16 in. (about 52.4 mm), even from major manufacturers. Snooker sets are also available with considerably smaller-than-regulation balls (and even with ten instead of fifteen reds) for play on smaller tables (down to half-size), and are sanctioned for use in some amateur leagues.

Other Various other games have their own variants of billiard balls. Russian pyramid and the related Finnish game kaisa make use of a set of 15 numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball, that are about the size of carom billiards balls. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other the opposite; all are usually 21⁄8 in. (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter.

There is a growing market for specialty cue balls and even entire ball sets, featuring sports team logos, cartoon characters, animal pelt patterns, etc. Entrepreneurial inventors also supply a variety of novelty billiard games with unique rules and balls, some with playing card markings, others with stars and stripes, and yet others in sets of more than thirty balls in several suits. Marbled-looking and glittery materials are also popular for home tables. There are even blacklight sets for playing in near-dark. There are also practical joke cue and 8 balls, with off-center weights in them that makes their paths curve and wobble. Miniature sets in various sizes (2⁄3, 1⁄2, etc.) are also commonly available, primarily intended for children's under-sized toy tables.

Several brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently-colored halves or targeting rings.

In popular culture The 8 ball is frequently used iconically in Western, especially American, culture. It can frequently be found as an element of t-shirt designs, album covers and names, tattoos, household goods like paperweights and cigarette lighters, belt buckles, etc. A classic toy is the Magic 8-Ball "oracle". Don and Ron Harris, Eightball & MJG, and 8-Ball (band) have all independently adopted the name.

The term "8 ball" is also street slang both for 1⁄8 oz. of cocaine or crystal methamphetamine and for a bottle of Olde English 800 malt liquor.

The expression to be stuck or trapped "behind the eight" is used throughout the English speaking world to indicate a perilous situation from which it is difficult to extracate oneself. The term derives from the game Kelly pool.

References

Patents

• — Billiard ball c.1865
• — Billiard ball c.1868
• — Billiard ball c.1869
• — Billiard ball c.1871